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The Impact of Commercial Bank Rate Policies on Jamaica’s Economic Growth and Investment Landscape

However, a key obstacle to the effectiveness of these policies has been the slow transmission of BOJ rate cuts into the lending rates of commercial banks. The pace at which commercial banks lower their interest rates after the BOJ makes its adjustments has been a source of tension, particularly as high borrowing costs have stifled investment and economic activity in critical sectors such as construction, real estate, the stock market, and broader financial services.

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Introduction: The Tension Between the Central Bank and Commercial Banks
Jamaica’s economic recovery in recent years has been closely tied to the monetary policies of the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ), which has used interest rate adjustments as a tool to control inflation, stabilize the currency, and foster economic growth.

However, a key obstacle to the effectiveness of these policies has been the slow transmission of BOJ rate cuts into the lending rates of commercial banks. The pace at which commercial banks lower their interest rates after the BOJ makes its adjustments has been a source of tension, particularly as high borrowing costs have stifled investment and economic activity in critical sectors such as construction, real estate, the stock market, and broader financial services.

The Rate Transmission Challenge
For years, the BOJ has maintained an aggressive stance on controlling inflation, setting the policy rate at elevated levels to curb inflationary pressures and stabilize the exchange rate. The central bank’s decision to raise rates has, however, faced resistance when passed through to consumers. While the BOJ adjusts its policy rate, which is expected to affect market rates and borrowing costs, commercial banks in Jamaica have been slower to adjust their own lending rates. The delayed response from commercial banks in reducing interest rates after the BOJ signals a rate cut has created a disconnect in the economy, frustrating the central bank’s efforts to stimulate investment.

“We are absolutely determined that we have to have a much more efficient transmission system,” Bank Of Jamaica Governor Richard Byles

“Commercial banks have been slow to lower lending rates in response to BOJ adjustments, even as the central bank signals its intention to stimulate growth,” says an economist from the Caribbean Development Bank. “This delay results in a less responsive monetary policy, which weakens the transmission mechanism and hampers economic growth.”

This slow pass-through effect has been especially problematic for businesses and consumers relying on credit to drive spending and investment. High lending rates have made borrowing expensive, discouraging business expansion and large-scale investments, especially in sectors like construction and real estate.

“The group’s financial performance continues to reflect the impact of the ongoing high-interest rate environment in Jamaica, which exerts downward pressure on property values, resulting in lower property income relative to prior year.” Norman Reid Chairman FirstRock Real Estate Investments Limited

The Impact on Key Sectors: Real Estate, Construction, and the Stock Market

1. Real Estate and Construction:

The construction and real estate sectors are particularly sensitive to interest rate movements because of their reliance on financing for property development and home purchases. High interest rates have increased the cost of capital for developers, making it more expensive to finance new projects and slowing down the pace of construction. In addition, potential homebuyers have been discouraged by high mortgage rates, further dampening demand in the housing market.

Jamaican developers and real estate professionals have expressed frustration with the lack of affordability. “With borrowing costs so high, it has become increasingly difficult for developers to undertake large projects or offer affordable housing to the average Jamaican,” said a prominent Jamaican real estate developer in an interview with the Jamaica Observer. “This is not just about the cost of money, it’s also about the ripple effect of slower growth in the construction industry, which impacts employment and related sectors.”

“Owing to higher policy interest rates by the Bank of Jamaica, which moved from a historic low of half a per cent (0.50) since October 2021 to the current 6.5 per cent, FirstRock Real Estate Investments Limited has been realising lower property income as pressure continues to weigh down property values resulting in a softening of the market.”

2. The Stock Market:

In the financial markets, particularly the stock market, high interest rates have made government securities more attractive relative to equities. As a result, the Jamaican stock market has seen a period of subdued investor activity. When interest rates are elevated, investors tend to favor the guaranteed returns of bonds and treasury bills, which are perceived as lower risk compared to stocks.

The Jamaican stock market has experienced a sharp decline in activity, with reduced liquidity and a diminished appetite for riskier investments. Analysts suggest that the high cost of capital has discouraged companies from seeking capital through equity financing, opting instead for less-expensive debt or leaving expansion plans on hold. “The slow transmission of lower rates from the BOJ to consumers means that the real economy and the stock market suffer as investment slows,” says an analyst at JMMB Group.

3. The Financial Sector:

The financial sector has been one of the primary sectors impacted by the BOJ’s rate hikes. Banks’ profitability is closely tied to the interest rate spread—the difference between what they pay for funds and what they charge on loans. As commercial banks face high borrowing costs, their interest rate margins tend to widen, increasing profits in the short term. However, in the long term, the suppressed demand for loans due to high rates can limit business growth opportunities and create a drag on the overall financial ecosystem.

“The banking sector is seeing increased profitability on loan spreads, but that comes at the cost of reduced lending, which is unsustainable in the long term,” says a financial analyst with Scotiabank Jamaica. “Banks need to balance profitability with growth, and high interest rates are squeezing that balance.”

The Likely Effects of Falling Interest Rates on Key Sectors

1. A Revival in Real Estate and Construction:

As the BOJ begins to reduce interest rates in response to easing inflationary pressures, the real estate and construction sectors stand to benefit significantly. Lower rates would reduce the cost of financing for both developers and homebuyers, unlocking pent-up demand in the housing market and spurring new construction projects.

Industry stakeholders are optimistic about the potential revival of the construction and real estate sectors. “The drop in interest rates will likely create a favorable environment for developers and potential homeowners. Projects that were previously on hold due to financing costs can now move forward,” says a director at the Jamaica Chamber of Commerce. With a focus on sustainable and affordable housing, developers expect to see increased interest in residential projects as mortgage rates become more manageable.

2. A Boost for the Stock Market:

In the stock market, lower interest rates tend to make equities more attractive compared to fixed-income securities like government bonds. As borrowing costs decrease and disposable income rises, consumer spending increases, driving demand for goods and services. Companies that are able to capitalize on this surge in demand are likely to see stronger earnings, which can attract investors back into the stock market.

In addition, lower rates would reduce the cost of capital for companies looking to expand, potentially leading to increased IPOs and capital raises on the stock exchange. A recovery in investor confidence could stimulate trading volumes and liquidity on the Jamaica Stock Exchange (JSE), enhancing its attractiveness to both local and international investors.

3. A More Dynamic Financial Sector:

The financial sector stands to benefit from a more balanced interest rate environment. Lower rates would stimulate demand for loans and credit products, providing a boost to lending volumes and enabling banks to diversify their portfolios. Banks would also be able to offer more competitive loan products, which would benefit consumers and businesses alike.

In particular, the reduced cost of capital could lead to increased investment in long-term projects, with businesses likely to take on more debt to fund expansion plans. This shift would help create a more dynamic financial sector, capable of sustaining growth in both the short and long term.

Conclusion: A Delicate Balance

The slow pass-through of BOJ rate changes to commercial banks’ lending rates has created challenges for Jamaica’s economic recovery, especially in key sectors like construction, real estate, and the stock market. However, as interest rates begin to fall, the prospects for these sectors are set to improve. Lower rates will encourage investment, promote lending, and make capital more accessible, providing a much-needed stimulus to the Jamaican economy.

As Jamaica navigates the transition to lower interest rates, the effectiveness of the central bank’s policies will depend on how quickly commercial banks respond to rate changes. A more synchronized approach between the BOJ and commercial banks could unlock significant growth potential, driving Jamaica towards a more dynamic and resilient economy.

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Businessuite News24

Powering the Future: How Tech and Policy Are Driving Explosive Growth in Energy Storage, Renewables, and EVs

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16 hours ago

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March 5, 2025

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The energy storage, renewable energy, and electric vehicle (EV) industries are experiencing significant growth, driven by technological advancements and policy support.

Energy Storage Sector

The global energy storage market is projected to expand from USD 416.02 billion in 2025 to USD 841.19 billion by 2033, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2% (Straits Research, 2024). This growth is primarily attributed to the increasing integration of renewable energy sources and the need for grid stability. In the United States, battery energy storage capacity is expected to nearly double by 2024, reaching over 30 gigawatts (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2023).Mission-Critical Energy Storage Battery Pack Sector.

Mission-Critical Energy Storage Battery Pack Sector

The demand for mission-critical energy storage solutions is intensifying, particularly in sectors requiring an uninterrupted power supply, such as data centres and healthcare facilities. The U.S. battery energy storage system market is anticipated to witness a CAGR of 30.5% from 2024 to 2030, reaching USD 4.4 billion by 2030 (Grand View Research, 2023). This surge is driven by the need for reliable backup power and the integration of renewable energy sources into critical infrastructure.

Renewable Energy Industry

The renewable energy sector is undergoing rapid expansion. In 2024, the United States added 48.2 gigawatts of solar, wind, and battery storage capacity, a 47% increase from the previous year (The Guardian, 2025). Declining costs and supportive policies like the Inflation Reduction Act 2022 propel this growth. Globally, China has made significant strides, adding clean energy generation in the first half of 2024, equivalent to the entire electricity output of the United Kingdom for the previous year (The Guardian, 2024).

Electric Vehicle Industry

The EV market is expanding swiftly. In 2023, electric cars accounted for approximately 18% of all vehicles sold globally, up from 14% in 2022 (International Energy Agency, 2024). Projections indicate that by 2024, 25% of all new passenger car registrations will be electric, surpassing 17 million units in sales worldwide (GreenMatch, 2024). This trend is supported by technological advancements, increased consumer acceptance, and policy incentives to reduce carbon emissions. These industries are experiencing robust growth, driven by technological innovation, policy support, and a global shift towards sustainable energy solutions.

Extracted from Alexander Melville Chief Executive Officer Tropical Battery Company Limited (TROPICAL) – Interim Financial Statements For The First Quarter Ended December 31, 2024

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Businessuite Women

Corporate Movements: Margaret Campbell Appointed CEO of GKMS Group; Lee-Anne Bruce Named COO

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17 hours ago

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March 5, 2025

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GraceKennedy Limited (GK) is pleased to announce leadership changes at GraceKennedy Money Services (GKMS) as part of its ongoing succession plan and strategic talent development and deployment.

Effective April 1, 2025, Margaret Campbell will assume the role of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the GKMS Group. Campbell, who has worked with GKMS for over 25 years, has served as its Chief Operating Officer (COO) since 2020. She joined GKMS in 1996 and has held several leadership roles during her tenure including, Financial Controller, Chief Financial Officer (CFO), and Country Manager for GKMS Jamaica. A Fellow Certified Chartered Accountant, Campbell also holds an MBA in Finance from the University of Manchester and serves on several GK subsidiary boards. She is also the current President of the Jamaica Money Remitters Association.

Frank James, Group CEO of GraceKennedy, expressed confidence in Campbell’s leadership, stating, “Margaret has demonstrated strong leadership and an unwavering commitment to providing exceptional value and convenience to our customers across Jamaica and the wider Caribbean, in keeping with our vision of being the number one Caribbean brand in the world. I have no doubt she will continue to drive GKMS forward.”

Grace Burnett, CEO of GKFG, added, “Margaret’s industry expertise and strategic approach make her the ideal person to lead GKMS into the future. Her experience and passion for operational excellence will be instrumental as GKFG continues to grow and evolve.” The announcement of Campbell’s appointment comes as Burnett, who has led GKMS since 2019, prepares to retire from GraceKennedy later this year.

Lee-Anne Bruce

Additionally, GraceKennedy has named Lee-Anne Bruce as the new COO of the GKMS Group, also effective April 1, 2025. Bruce holds a bachelor’s degree from the Frank G. Zarb School of Business at Hofstra University and is a Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist. With over a decade in senior leadership roles at GK, she has served as Group Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Risk Officer, and most recently, Chief Audit Executive. She began her career at GK in 2003, when she played a key role in GKMS’ expansion into the Eastern Caribbean.

Margaret Campbell, incoming GKMS CEO, welcomed Bruce’s appointment, stating, “Lee-Anne is no stranger to GKMS and her extensive experience and understanding of our business will undoubtedly be invaluable in her new role.”

In light of the leadership changes at GKMS, Judith Chung, Group Chief Compliance Officer & Senior Legal Counsel, will act as Chief Audit Executive of GraceKennedy Limited, while Jason Bailey, Head of Risk, will temporarily assume responsibility for the Compliance portfolio.

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Business Insights

Subscription vs. Pay-Per-Use: Choosing the Right Revenue Model for Caribbean Business Growth

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February 15, 2025

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In today’s dynamic business landscape, companies continually seek effective revenue models to ensure sustainability and profitability. Two prevalent models are the subscription-based model, employed by giants like Netflix and Amazon Prime, and the pay-per-use (or transactional) model. This article delves into the background, benefits, and disadvantages of each model, identifies the types of businesses best suited for them, and explores how Jamaican and Caribbean companies can leverage these models to enhance revenue and profitability.

Background of Revenue Models

Subscription-Based Model: This model involves customers paying a recurring fee—monthly, annually, or at other regular intervals—to access a product or service. Historically, this approach was common in industries like publishing (magazines and newspapers) and has now expanded to digital services, software, and entertainment platforms.

Pay-Per-Use Model: In this model, customers pay based on their actual usage of a product or service. This approach is prevalent in utilities, telecommunications, and emerging digital services where usage can vary significantly among customers.

Benefits and Disadvantages

Subscription-Based Model:

Benefits:

Predictable Revenue: Businesses enjoy a steady and predictable income stream, facilitating better financial planning and resource allocation.

Customer Retention: Regular interactions foster stronger customer relationships and loyalty.

Scalability: Easier to introduce new features or services to existing subscribers, enhancing value over time.

Disadvantages:

Churn Risk: Customers may cancel subscriptions if they perceive insufficient value, leading to revenue loss.

Continuous Value Delivery: Requires ongoing investment in content or service improvements to maintain customer interest.

Pay-Per-Use Model:

Benefits:

Flexibility: Attracts cost-conscious customers who prefer paying only for what they use.

Lower Entry Barrier: Customers can access services without committing to recurring payments, which can be appealing for infrequent users.

Disadvantages:

Revenue Variability: Income can fluctuate based on customer usage patterns, making financial forecasting challenging.

Complex Billing Systems: Requires robust systems to track usage accurately and bill customers accordingly.

Business Suitability

Subscription-Based Model: Ideal for businesses offering services or products with ongoing value propositions. Examples include streaming services (e.g., Netflix), software-as-a-service (SaaS) platforms, and membership-based organizations.

Pay-Per-Use Model: Suited for services where usage varies among customers, such as utilities, cloud computing services, and on-demand content platforms.

Maximizing Revenue in Jamaican and Caribbean Companies

For businesses in Jamaica and the broader Caribbean, adopting these models can open new revenue streams and enhance profitability:

Digital and Streaming Services: With the global rise of digital consumption, local content creators and media houses can adopt subscription models to offer exclusive Caribbean-focused content, catering to both regional and international audiences.

Tourism and Hospitality: Hotels and resorts can introduce subscription packages for frequent travelers, offering benefits like discounted rates, priority bookings, and exclusive experiences.

Utilities and Telecommunications: Implementing pay-per-use models for services like electricity, water, and mobile data can provide customers with flexibility, potentially increasing usage and revenue.

Agriculture and Produce Delivery: Farmers can offer subscription boxes delivering fresh produce to customers regularly, ensuring steady income and promoting healthy eating habits.

Fitness and Wellness: Gyms and wellness centers can provide subscription-based access to virtual classes, personalized training sessions, and wellness resources, expanding their reach beyond physical locations.

Implementation Considerations

Market Research: Understand the target audience’s preferences and willingness to adopt new payment models.

Infrastructure Investment: Develop reliable billing systems and digital platforms to manage subscriptions or track usage effectively.

Regulatory Compliance: Ensure adherence to local laws and regulations, especially concerning digital transactions and data protection.

Customer Education: Inform customers about the benefits and functionalities of the chosen model to encourage adoption.

Market Saturation – A Key Challenge Of The Subscription Revenue Model

This perspective highlights a key challenge of the subscription revenue model—that of market saturation. Since subscription-based businesses rely on a recurring customer base, their revenue growth is often tied to acquiring new subscribers or increasing prices for existing ones. When the market becomes saturated (i.e., most of the potential customers who would subscribe have already done so), companies are forced to find alternative ways to boost revenue, such as:

Raising Subscription Prices – As seen with Netflix and Amazon Prime, companies periodically increase fees to maintain revenue growth, but this risks customer churn if price hikes outpace perceived value.

Introducing Tiered Pricing – Companies may create premium subscription tiers with additional benefits to encourage higher spending.

Expanding Services or Content – Adding new features, services, or exclusive content can justify price increases and retain subscribers.

On the other hand, the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) model offers more scalability and revenue flexibility because revenue is directly tied to usage volume rather than a fixed subscriber base. Businesses can grow revenue in several ways:

Encouraging More Frequent Use – Companies can create incentives for customers to use the service more often, such as dynamic pricing or special promotions.

Expanding Offerings – Businesses can introduce new features or services that increase usage without necessarily increasing prices.

Tapping into New Customer Segments – Since PAYG has lower entry barriers, it can attract a wider audience, including occasional users who wouldn’t commit to a subscription.

Impact on Business Strategy

Subscription models benefit from stable, predictable revenue but face growth limitations once they hit market saturation. Companies must innovate to retain users or find new markets.

PAYG models provide more room for expansion and revenue diversification but require continuous customer engagement strategies to drive repeat purchases.

For Jamaican and Caribbean businesses, a hybrid approach—offering both subscription and PAYG options—could provide the best of both worlds, allowing companies to maximize revenue potential while maintaining customer flexibility.

By thoughtfully selecting and implementing the appropriate revenue model, Jamaican and Caribbean businesses can enhance their competitiveness, cater to evolving customer needs, and achieve sustainable growth in the modern economy.

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Businessuite Women

GraceKennedy Limited (GK) Announces Additional Leadership Changes

These leadership changes align with the Company’s commitment to fostering a performance-driven culture while promoting innovation and consumer centricity.

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3 weeks ago

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February 11, 2025

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GraceKennedy Limited (GK) has announced key leadership changes set to take effect in 2025 as part of the Company’s succession plan.

Effective February 14, 2025, Andrea Coy will assume the role of CEO of GraceKennedy Foods, a move which will see the integration of the domestic and international segments of GK’s food division under a single leadership structure.

Since joining GraceKennedy in 2005 as Hi-Lo’s Financial Controller, Coy has held several key leadership roles within GK, including General Manager of Hi-Lo Food Stores and World Brands Services, CEO of Hardware & Lumber, Senior General Manager of the GK Foods Global Category Management Unit, and CEO of GK Foods Domestic. She has led GK’s international food operations since 2018 and is a member of the GK Executive Committee. Under her leadership, both GK’s domestic and international food businesses recorded significant growth in revenues and profitability. Coy holds degrees in Accounting from the University of the West Indies and is a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Jamaica. She specializes in Turnaround Management and has completed advanced studies in the field at Harvard Business School. She serves on the Board of the Bank of Jamaica.

Later this year, following a distinguished 25-year career at GK, Grace Burnett will retire as CEO of the GraceKennedy Financial Group (GKFG), effective August 14, 2025. Upon her retirement, Steven Whittingham, the current Deputy CEO of GKFG, will step into the role of CEO, ensuring a seamless transition in leadership.

Grace Burnett

Burnett joined GK in 2000 and has held several key leadership roles within the Group. She previously served as Managing Director of GK General Insurance and Allied Insurance Brokers, where she led strategic operations for GK’s insurance business. From 2014 to 2019, she was the CEO of GK’s Insurance Segment, driving growth and innovation in the sector. An attorney-at-law, she has been the CEO of GKFG since 2016 and holds the position of the President & CEO of GraceKennedy Money Services. She is also a member of the GK Executive Committee. Well-known for her expertise in customer service, operations, and talent development, Burnett has earned accolades both within GK and externally. Her outstanding contributions to the insurance industry and exemplary leadership were formally recognised in 2024 when she received the prestigious Insurance Association of Jamaica Leadership Excellence Award.

Steven Whittingham

Whittingham joined GK in 2013 and has been Deputy CEO of GKFG since 2022, overseeing the Group’s Insurance Segment, merchant banking, and investment portfolios. He is a member of the GK Executive Committee and leads GK’s digital transformation. He has held various leadership roles within GK, including Chief Investment Officer of GraceKennedy Limited, Chief Operating Officer of GKFG, President of First Global Financial Services and Managing Director of GK Capital Management. During his tenure he has been instrumental in driving GK’s expansion through strategic mergers, acquisitions, and greenfield startups, consistently delivering impressive growth across portfolios. Whittingham holds dual degrees in Systems Engineering and Economics from the University of Pennsylvania and an MBA from Harvard Business School. In 2024 he was appointed Chairman of the Jamaica Stock Exchange, and he has served on several public and private sector boards.

These announcements come as GK prepares for another major leadership transition later this week. Last month, the Company confirmed that Group CEO, the Honourable Don Wehby, CD, OJ, will retire on February 14, 2025, stepping down from the Board of Directors after a distinguished tenure.

He will be succeeded by Frank James, current CEO of GK Foods Domestic and former Group CFO. GraceKennedy remains steadfast in its commitment to executing its strategy and ensuring excellence across all its operations.

These leadership changes align with the Company’s commitment to fostering a performance-driven culture while promoting innovation and consumer centricity. As the GK team strives to achieve its vision of becoming the number one Caribbean brand in the world, these appointments will provide continuity and strategically position GraceKennedy for sustained growth and innovation in the years ahead.

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Caribbean News

Businessuite Top 100 Caribbean Companies and CEO – 2024 Digital Edition

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February 11, 2025

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